The population of China has fallen for the fourth consecutive year in 2025 as its birth rates sunk to a record low, despite the government rolling out a raft of incentives to boost them.
The nation’s population fell 3.39 million to reach 1.4 billion by the end of 2025, marking a quicker decline than the previous year, government data showed on Monday.
Its birth rate plummeted to 5.63 per 1,000 people – a record low since the Communist Party took power in 1949 – while its death rate rose to 8.04 per 1,000 people, the highest since 1968.
Faced with an ageing population and sluggish economy, Beijing has been trying hard to encourage more young people to marry and have children.
In 2016, it scrapped its longstanding one-child policy and replaced it with a two-child limit. When that did not lead to a sustained upsurge in births, authorities announced that they would allow up to three children per couple in 2021.
More recently, China has offered parents 3,600 yuan (£375; $500) per each of their children under the age of three. Certain provinces are also dishing out their own baby bonuses, including additional payouts and extended maternity leave.
Some of these incentives have stirred controversy. For instance, a new 13% tax on contraceptives – including condoms, birth control pills and devices – has sparked concern about unwanted pregnancies and HIV rates.
China has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world, at around one birth per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1. Other economies in the region, such as South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, have similarly low fertility rates.
China is also one of the most expensive countries in which to raise a child, according to a 2024 report by the YuWa Population Research Institute in Beijing.
